Florida has three Lyctus species and one species each in the genera Minthea and Trogoxylon (both subfamily Lyctinae). Of the three Lyctus species, one is an introduced seed feeder and another is rarely encountered. Only L. planicollis is common and destructive throughout the South.
Lyctine beetles, also known as lyctid beetles, are second only to termites in their destruction of structural wood. They are serious pests of hardwoods, mainly ash, hickory, oak, maple and mahogany. Lyctines usually infest dry, seasoned wood that is less than five years old. Hardwood-product manufacturers struggle with lyctine infestations. These businesses are concentrated in the South, where the warm, humid climate is favorable to beetle development. Also, lyctine beetles commonly enter the U.S. from the tropics through Southern ports, ending up in lumberyards where the opportunities for reinfestation are great.
close-up view of the head and antennae
Eggs: The eggs are translucent, about 1 mm long and cylindrical with rounded ends. They usually cannot be seen because the female lays them deep within the pores of the wood.
Larvae: The larvae are yellowish-white, "C-shaped," and about 7.5 mm long with an enlarged spiracle on the eighth abdominal segment.
Pupae:
Adult lyctines mate soon after emerging from the wood. The female then begins laying eggs in pores on the surface of a piece of wood (either the one she has emerged from or another suitable one). Egg laying continues for about a week. Powderpost beetles only lay eggs on bare, unfinished wood. They will oviposit in small cracks and crevices in the wood as well as in the pores on the surface.
The most obvious and often the only sign of infestation is the presence of exit holes. Adults leave behind circular holes of about 0.8 to 1.5 mm in diameter when they emerge from the wood, which occurs most commonly from April to July. Recent emergence holes are common sites of oviposition. An average female lays bout 15 to 50 eggs during this time.
Depending on temperature, eggs can take one to three weeks to hatch. The young larvae bore deeper into the wood through the bottom of the pore in which they hatched. Larvae tend to feed along the grain of the wood, but in later instars, they will cross the grain. As they feed, they fill the tunnels with the powderlike frass that gives them their common name. Just like drywood termites, the larvae may tunnel all the way to the surface of the wood, eating away most of the material there, but they will not break the surface. Because of this behavior, heavily infested wood has a paperlike outer layer that is easily broken. Generally, the larvae confine their feeding to the sapwood. Thanks to indoor heating, they can develop in all seasons, but normally, most activity occurs in the spring and summer. When it is ready to pupate, a larva bores close to the surface and builds a pupal chamber. The pupal stage can last anywhere from 12 days to a month under normal conditions. The new adult chews its way to the surface and emerges, leaving behind a 0.8 to 1.5 mm circular hole. Adult lyctines are nocturnal. They hide in cracks and crevices during the day. At night, they will fly to lights. Most adults live one to three months.
Lyctines can live in wood with a moisture content of about 6 to 30 percent, but the greatest activity occurs between 10 and 20 percent. Starch content needs to be 3 percent or higher to make an attractive oviposition site for a lyctine beetle. Powderpost beetles feed on the starchy content of the wood; they do not digest cellulose or lignin because they cannot produce cellulases. Because of this, their activity is restricted to sapwood.
Most infestations are found in wood paneling, door and window frames, hardwood floors and furniture. Subfloors, joists and rafters often escape infestation because they are usually made of pine or other softwoods. Because of poor storage and drying practices prior to shipment, imported tropical hardwoods are sometimes heavily infested with lyctines.
External signs of damage are often not readily apparent until the adults emerge. When adults emerge, they leave behind emergence holes about 0.8 to 1.5 mm wide. Any slight movement will cause powdery frass to cascade from the emergence holes, collecting below the infested wood in little piles that homeowners sometimes mistake for sawdust. The diameter of the frass piles is proportional to the height of the holes. If an infested piece of wood is cut open, the interior may contain a large amount of loosely packed frass. Occasionally, so much frass can collect that it may burst the papery skin of the wood. When rubbed between the fingers, lyctine frass feels like talc or flour.
The presence of emergence holes does not necessarily signify an active infestation. Sometimes an infestation will die out on its own over time. Dealing with lyctine damage can often be confusing and frustrating to property owners who get conflicting reports from different sources about whether the infestation is active or not. Powderpost beetles damage wood relatively slowly. Take the time necessary to weigh all factors involved before deciding on the most appropriate course of action.
Wood varnishes will prevent lyctines from laying their eggs in the pores on the surface of the wood. Beetles found in wood that has been varnished, sealed, painted or waxed were either present in the wood before it was finished or they were able to lay their eggs in the holes left by emerging adult beetles. Sealing any holes in new hardwoods will prevent reinfestation.
Another option is replacing the infested wood. If it can be determined that the infestation is confined to a single piece of wood such as a windowsill, as is often the case, remove the infested piece and replace it with uninfested wood.
Very small articles can be placed in a freezer to kill the adults and larvae. A sustained temperature of 0°F for at least 72 hours is required for this method to be effective. Eggs are very tolerant of cold, and this method may not be entirely effective as a result.
Chemical treatments come in two kinds: surface and fumigation. Fumigation is considered to be the most effective method of lyctine control, but it is also the most costly. If the infestation is widespread, the entire structure may have to be tented and fumigated. Pest control operators can often fumigate furniture or small items such as picture frames or wicker baskets inside a small chamber designed for that purpose. A drawback of fumigation is that it does not provide residual protection of the wood. If a second infestation in a nearby article goes undetected, lyctine beetles can easily reinfest the fumigated item once it is returned to the structure. Surface treatments can be applied to bare, exposed wood by certified pesticide applicators. These insecticides work in two ways. First, they form a toxic barrier on the surface of the wood that kills adults trying to emerge or newly-hatched larvae attempting to bore into the wood. Second, in some cases, the insecticide can penetrate the wood deeply enough to kill larvae inside, preventing the appearance of additional emergence holes. Surface treatments generally take a long time, possibly years depending on the life cycle of the species, to be completely effective.
The optimal way to control a structural lyctine beetle infestation would be to prevent the insects from entering the structure in the first place. Although it may not always be possible to detect an early infestation by visual inspection, some infestations will be readily apparent in new wood. Carefully inspect any new hardwood products, including those used in new home construction, before incorporating them into the structure.
For more detailed information, including pesticide labeling, please consult the Insect Management Guide for powderpost beetles.
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typical adult lyctine beetle
adult southern lyctus beetle
southern lyctus beetle eggs
southern lyctus beetle larvae
southern lyctus beetle pupae
damage to pecan limb