common name: Nantucket pine tip moth
scientific name: Rhyacionia frustrana (Comstock) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Introduction - Distribution - Description - Biology - Hosts - Survey and Detecetion - Management - Selected References

Introduction (Back to Top)

The Nantucket pine tip moth, Rhyacionia frustrana (Comstock), is a serious pest of young pine in plantations, wild pine seedlings in open areas, Christmas tree plantings, ornamental pines, and pine seed orchards in the United States. Growth loss and stem deformity, caused by larvae feeding inside growing shoots, buds, and conelets, can be considerable during the first five years when most damage occurs (Yates et al. 1981). The increasing population of a preferred host species, loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.), in Florida poses an ever-increasing problem of Nantucket pine tip moth infestations.

Figure 1. Adult Nantucket pine tip moth, Rhyacionia frustrana (Comstock). Photograph by Christopher Asaro, University of Georgia, www.Forestryimages.org.

Figure 2. Damage caused by the Nantucket pine tip moth, Rhyacionia frustrana (Comstock). Photograph by Clyde S. Gorsuch, Clemson University, www.Forestryimages.org.

Distribution (Back to Top)

The second most widely distributed native North American member of the genus, Rhyacionia frustrana occurs from Massachusetts south to Florida, and west to Missouri, Oklahoma, Texas and California. It is also found in the Dominican Republic, Cuba, Jamaica, Mexico (Oaxaca), Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua (Powell and Miller 1978). The infestation of California was traced to shipment of infested seedlings from Georgia in 1967 (Yates et al. 1981).

Description (Back to Top)

Adult: The adult female is larger than the male. Heads, bodies, and appendages covered with gray scales; mottled rusty-red forewing markings, dark basal patch bordered by a lighter crossband that is narrower than the basal patch; male forewing 4.0 to 7.0 mm long, female forewing 4.0 to 7.5 mm (Powell and Miller 1978).

Figure 3. Adult Nantucket pine tip moth, Rhyacionia frustrana (Comstock). Photograph by James A. Richmond, USDA Forest Service, www.Forestryimages.org.

Egg: The egg is slightly convex and 0.8 mm in diameter; opaque white at oviposition, turning yellow to medium green at maturation.

Larva: Young larva cream-colored with black head; older larva light brown to orange; extra seta on abdominal segments 1 to 8 are posterodorsal, posterior, or posteroventral to the spiracle, spatulate spinneret; approximately 9 mm long when mature (MacKay 1959, Yates et al. 1981).

Figure 4. Larva of the Nantucket pine tip moth, (Comstock), feeding at the base of a needle. Photograph by David J. Moorhead, University of Georgia, www.Forestryimages.org.

Pupa: The pupa are light to dark brown; area below tip of frontal horn extending between eyes convex and generally smooth; vertex of pupa not exceeding tip of frontal horn; approximately 4.6 to 7.5-mm long (Yates 1969). Yates (1969) and Powell and Miller (1978) provide characters to separate adults and pupae of R. frustrana, Rhyacionia rigidana (Fernald) (pitch pine tip moth), and Rhyaciona subtropica (Miller) (subtropical pine tip moth), three species with overlapping host and geographic ranges.

Figure 5. Pupal case of the Nantucket pine tip moth, Rhyacionia frustrana (Comstock). Photograph by David J. Moorhead, University of Georgia, www.Forestryimages.org.

Figure 6. Pupae of the Nantucket pine tip moth, Rhyacionia frustrana (Comstock), inside a pine shoot. Photograph by Ronald F. Billings, Texas Forest Service, www.Forestryimages.org

Biology (Back to Top)

Rhyacionia frustrana overwinters as pupae inside damaged shoots, cones, or buds. Moths emerge in the early spring, sometimes as early as February in Florida, when warm days become common. The moths mate and females oviposit eggs on new pine shoots and conelets or last year's shoots. In cool weather (late winter or early spring), eggs may take 30 days to hatch, but require only five to 10 days to hatch in hot weather (late summer). After hatching from eggs, young larvae may feed on the outside of new growth for a short period of time. Later, larvae bore into shoot tips, conelets, and buds. Larval feeding within these tissues continues for three to four weeks. Pupation occurs in damaged tissues. There may be up to four to five generations per year in Florida depending on temperatures, with cool weather prolonging the time required for the life cycle, and warm weather quickening it (Yates et al. 1981).

Hosts (Back to Top)

Nearly 20 species of pine have been recorded as host trees for Rhyacionia frustrana:

• Caribbean, Pinus caribaea Morelet
• Cuban, Pinus cubensis Griseb.
• jack, Pinus banksiana Lamb.
• loblolly, Pinus taeda L.
• lodgepole, Pinus contorta Dougl.
• Monterey, Pinus radiata D. Don
• oocarp, Pinus oocarpa Schiede
• pitch, Pinus rigida Mill.
• pond, Pinus serotina Michx.
• ponderosa, Pinus ponderosa Laws.
• red, Pinus resinosa Ait.
• sand, Pinus clausa (Chapm.) Vasey
• Scotch, Pinus sylvestris L.
• shortleaf, Pinus echinata Mill.
• slash, Pinus elliottii Englem. ver. elliotti
• sonderegger, Pinus X sondereggeri H.H. Chapm.
• spruce, Pinus glabra Walt.
• Table-Mountain, Pinus pungens Lamb.
• Virginia, Pinus virginiana Mill.

(Hedlin et al. 1981).

Pine species with multinodal growth in a single season are especially favorable hosts (Yates et al. 1981).

Figure 7. A comparison of healthy and infested pine shoots. Damage is caused by an infestation of the Nantucket pine tip moth, Rhyacionia frustrana (Comstock). Photograph by Robert L. Anderson, USDA Forest Service, www.Forestryimages.org.

Survey and Detection (Back to Top)

Foliage discoloration occurs as needles turn from green to reddish-brown and subsequently fall off the shoot; dead or dying branch tips, often curved or tipped; resin beads or flakes and fine silk webbing on branch tips; and damaged parts hollowed out. Larvae or pupae may be present (Yates et al. 1981, Hedlin et al. 1981).

Figure 8. Pheromone trap used to survey the Nantucket pine tip moth, Rhyacionia frustrana (Comstock). Photograph by David J. Moorhead, University of Georgia, www.Forestryimages.org.

Management (Back to Top)

Preventive: Plant pine species appropriate to site to minimize stress and encourage thrifty growth; promote early crown closure within a plantation; allow weed growth in a plantation to promote populations of natural enemies; plant non-preferred species of pines.

Remedial: Hand-prune infested shoots and conelets if level of infestation is minor and branches are within reach; apply a registered insecticide. Employ pheromone traps, specific to Rhyacionia frustrana, to optimize timing of insecticide application (Gargiullo et al. 1983).

Forest Tree Pest Management: https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/topic_forest_tree_pests

Selected References (Back to Top)

• Gargiullo PM., Berisford CW, Canalos CG, Richmond JA. 1983. How to time dimethoate sprays against the Nantucket pine tip moth. Georgia Forestry Commission., Georgia Forestry Research Paper 44. 10 pp.
• Hedlin AF, Yates III HO, Tovar DC, Ebel BH, Koerber TW, Merkel EP. 1981. Cone and seed insects of North American conifers. USDA Forest Service. 122 pp.
• MacKay MR. 1959. Larvae of the North American Olethreutidae (Lepidoptera). Canadian Entomologist Supplement 10. 338 pp.
• Powell JA, Miller WE. 1978. Nearctic pine tip moths of the genus Rhyacionia: Biosystematic review. USDA Forest Service Agricultural Handbook No. 514. 51 pp.
• Yates III. HO. 1969. Pupae of Rhyacionia frustrana, R. rigidana , and R. subtropica (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 60: 1096-1099.
• Yates III HO, Overgaard NA, Koerber TW. 1981. Nantucket pine tip moth. USDA Forest Service, Forest Insect & Disease Leaflet 70. 7 pp.