common name: a parasitoid wasp
scientific name: Meteorus autographae Muesebeck (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Braconidae)
Distribution - Description - Life History - Hosts - Importance - Selected References
Distribution (Back to Top)
Meteorus autographae is found in Newfoundland south to Florida, and then west to Wisconsin and Louisiana.
Description (Back to Top)
Egg: The egg is clear and thin-walled. Soon after oviposition, the folded-in-two larva can be observed inside.
Larva: The larva is translucent, long and slender, with a pronounced sclerotized head. Often more than one egg is laid, but the first larva to emerge kills its siblings.
Figure 1. Mature larva of Meteorus autographae Muesebeck, a parasitoid wasp. Photograph by Andrei Sourakov, Florida Museum of Natural History.
Figure 2. Pre-pupation larva of Meteorus autographae Muesebeck, a parasitoid wasp. Photograph by Andrei Sourakov, Florida Museum of Natural History.
Pupa: The brown-colored, 5 mm-long cocoon usually is suspended from the edge of the leaf on a silk string.
Figure 3. Cocoon of Meteorus autographae Muesebeck, a parasitoid wasp. Photograph by Andrei Sourakov, Florida Museum of Natural History.
Adult: The adult wasp is orange, with black eyes and antennae. The body does not exceed 6 mm. The female has a well-defined black ovipositor.
Figure 4. Male Meteorus autographae Muesebeck, a parasitoid wasp. Photograph by Andrei Sourakov, Florida Museum of Natural History.
Figure 5. Female Meteorus autographae Muesebeck, a parasitoid wasp. Photograph by Andrei Sourakov, Florida Museum of Natural History.
Life History (Back to Top)
This parasitoid attacks most instars of noctuid larvae in Florida. It develops from egg to pupa in eight days at 27°C. Six days later, the adult hatches and lives on average 40 days. Wasps also develop and survive better at cooler temperatures. During its life span in the laboratory, a female lays on average 240 eggs, though sometimes the number of progeny can reach 350. Development from egg to pupa takes approximately eight days at 27°C. It takes six more days for the adult to develop. This time triples when the temperature drops to 16°C.
Hosts (Back to Top)
The hosts for this wasp include: Acleris variana (Fern.), the eastern blackheaded budworm; Agrotis ipsilon (Hufn.), the black cutworm; Alsophila pometaria (Harr.), the fall cankerworm; Anticarsia gemmatalis Hbn., the velvetbean caterpillar; Autographa sp.; Autographa biloba (Steph.); Autoplusia egena (Guen.), the bean leafskeltonizer; Colias eurythema Bdvl.; Evergestis stramminalis Hbn.; Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), the bollworm (also called corn earworm and tomato fruitworm); Orgyia leucostigma (Sm.), the whitemarked tussock moth; Peridroma saucia (Hbn.), the variegated cutworm; Plathypena scabra (F.); Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haw.), the armyworm; Pseudoplusia includens (Wlkr.), the soybean looper; Spodoptera eridania (Cram.), the southern armyworm; Spodoptera exigua (Hbn.), the beet armyworm; Spodoptera frugiperda (Sm.), the fall armyworm; Spodoptera ornithogalli (Guen.), the yellowstriped armyworm; Trichoplusia ni (Hbn.), the cabbage looper; and Udea rubigalis (Guen.), the celery leaftier (also called the greenhouse leaftier).
Importance (Back to Top)
Meteorus autographae was found to be an important control agent of soybean looper (up to 24% of this pest's larvae were found to be parasitized in South Carolina). In Florida, it was found emerging from cabbage looper larvae. Many other species of noctuids were found to be a suitable host, and, most importantly, all larval instars were parasitized. Many other cabbage looper control agents (e. g., Cotesia marginiventris) attack only young larvae, which limits their effectiveness in control of these pests.
Selected References (Back to Top)
- Grant JF, Shepard M. 1984. Laboratory biology of Meteorus autographae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), an indigenous parasitoid of soybean looper (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae. Environmental Entomology 13: 838-842.
- Grant JF, Shepard M. 1986. Seasonal incidence of Meteorus autographae on soybean looper larvae on soybean in South Carolina, and the influence of the host density on parasitization. Journal of Entomological Science 21: 338-345.
- Mitchell ER, et al. (February 2000). Stage by stage comparison of parasitoids important in biocontrol of cabbage pests. USDA. http://www.usda.ufl.edu/biocontrol/guide.htm (March 2000).