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common name: great purple hairstreak; great blue hairstreak
scientific name: Atlides halesus (Cramer) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)

Introduction - Nomenclature - Distribution - Description - Host Plant - Life Cycle - Defenses - Selected References

Introduction (Back to Top)

The great purple hairstreak, Atlides halesus (Cramer), is one of our most beautiful and fascinating southern butterflies. (Figures 1 and 2). Although its preferred and most frequently used common name is great purple hairstreak (Miller 1992), it does not have any true purple coloring on it. A few publications (Gerberg and Arnett 1989, Emmel 1975, Pyle 1981) use the name great blue hairstreak which is more appropriate.

How Atlides halesus came to be known as the great purple hairstreak is a mystery. Pyle (1981) described the female as being purplish-gray below, and Evans (2008) mentioned that that the undersides of the wings have a purplish sheen. Cech and Tudor (2005) stated that the female fades to brownish purple with wear.

Female great purple hairstreak, Atlides halesus (Cramer) on beggarticks, Bidens alba (L.).

Figure 1. Female great purple hairstreak, Atlides halesus (Cramer) on beggarticks, Bidens alba (L.). Photograph by Donald W. Hall, Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida.

Male great purple hairstreak, Atlides halesus (Cramer).

Figure 2. Male great purple hairstreak, Atlides halesus (Cramer). Photograph by Donald W. Hall, Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida.


Nomenclature (Back to Top)


The original genus name for the great purple hairstreak was Papilio. It has also been placed in the genera Hesperia, Polyommatus, and Thecla (Scudder 1876).

Scudder (1876) listed the following synonyms:
Atlides dolichos Hübner
Atlides dolichus Hübner
Thecla juanita Scudder

Opler and Krizek (1984) suggested the following possible derivation for the current genus name Atlides: “The genus name is possibly an incorrect formation for Atlantides, meaning the ‘race of Atlas’.” They also stated that the specific epithet halesus is named after Stephen Hales, a well-known English botanist.

Distribution (Back to Top)

The great purple hairstreak is found throughout the southern United States where its host plants are found (Figure 3) and southward to southern Mexico. It is found farther north along the eastern coast of the United States to Maryland. The distribution of its caterpillar’s mistletoe host plant extends farther north into the southern areas of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Missouri (Plants Database 2019), and it is likely that the butterfly may also be found in some of these areas. It is much less common in the northern part of its distribution (Emmel 1975).

Great purple hairstreak, Atlides halesus (Cramer), distribution map.

Figure 3. Great purple hairstreak, Atlides halesus (Cramer), distribution map.

 

Description (Back to Top)

Adults: The wingspread is 1.25 to 1.5 inches (Allen 1997, Gerberg and Arnett 1989). The upper sides of the wings are iridescent blue with black borders (Figures 4 and 5). Females are duller. The iridescent areas on the wings of males are more extensive than those of females. Each hind wing has two black tails (= hairstreaks) of unequal length. As mentioned earlier, the common name great purple hairstreak is not descriptive of the adult butterfly’s true coloration.

Female great purple hairstreak, Atlides halesus (Cramer), upper surface

Figure 4.
Female great purple hairstreak, Atlides halesus (Cramer), upper surface. Photograph by Lyle J. Buss, Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida.

Male great purple hairstreak, Atlides halesus (Cramer), upper surface. Note patch of scent scales.

Figure 5. Male great purple hairstreak, Atlides halesus (Cramer), upper surface. Note patch of scent scales. Photograph by Donald W. Hall, Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida.


The underside of the abdomen is orange in both sexes. The undersides of the wings are dark brownish-black with three basal, bright reddish-orange spots (one on the front wings and two on the hind wings) with lines of greenish and blue spots on the margin of the hind wings at the bases of the tails (Figures 1 and 2). Males have an iridescent blue streak on the underside of the front wing (Figure 2) that is sometimes obscured by the leading edge of the hind wings. Males also have a patch of scent scales on the upper side of the forewings (Emmel 1975, Martins et al. 2018) (Figure 5) that produce pheromones for courtship (Minno and Minno 1999).

Eggs: The flattened eggs are white and have a central micropyle (pore through which sperm enter) on top. They are approximately 0.8 mm (approx. 0.03 inches) in diameter and 0.2 mm (approx. 0.008 inches) in thickness (Figure 6). The surface is covered with fine sculpturing.

Great purple hairstreak, Atlides halesus (Cramer), egg (inset: side view).

Figure 6. Great purple hairstreak, Atlides halesus (Cramer), egg (inset: side view). Photographs by Donald W. Hall, Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida.

Larvae: Mature larvae are approximately 2.5 cm (approx. 1 inch) long, green with a dense covering of short, fine light orange hairs and a small whitish shield on the thorax (Minno et al. 2005) (Figure 7).

Great purple hairstreak, Atlides halesus (Cramer), larva on mistletoe

Figure 7. Great purple hairstreak, Atlides halesus (Cramer), larva on mistletoe. Photograph by Jerry F. Butler, Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida.


Pupae: Pupae are dark brown mottled with black.

Host Plant (Back to Top)

Larval Hosts: Larvae feed only on plants of the parasitic mistletoe genus Phoradendron (Viscaceae) (formerly placed in family Loranthaceae). Phoradendron species are hemiparasites on trees from which they gain water and inorganic nutrients, but their leaves contain chlorophyll and are capable of photosynthesis (Zomlefer 1994). The genus name, Phoradendron is derived from the Greek roots “phora” (to bear or carry) and “dendro” (tree) (Borror 1960, Gledhill 1989) in reference to the fact that they grow on trees. Mistletoes are dioecious (with male and female flowers on different plants).

Oak mistletoe, Phoradendron leucarpum (Raf.) Reveal & M.C. Johnst. (Figure 8), is the only host for the great purple hairstreak in the southeastern United States. It is found from central Florida west to Texas and north to southern areas of Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York (eFloras.org 2017, Plants Database 2019, Spooner 1983).

Oak mistletoe, Phorodendron leucarpum (Raf.)

Figure 8. Oak mistletoe, Phoradendron leucarpum (Raf.) Reveal & M.C. Johnst., in pignut hickory, Carya glabra (Mill.) Sweet. Photograph by Donald W. Hall, Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida.

The specific epithet leucarpum is derived from the Greek roots “leuc” (white) and “carp” (fruit) (Borror 1960, Gledhill 1989) in reference to the berries which are white when mature (Figure 9). In the past, oak mistletoe has been commonly known by the synonyms Phoradendron serotinum (Raf.) M.C. Johnst. and Phoradendron flavescens (Pursh) Nutt (eFloras.org. 2017, Kuijt 1982, Plants Database 2019, Wunderlin et al. 2019).

Oak mistletoe, Phorodendron leucarpum (Raf.) Reveal & M.C. Johnst. Top: pistillate (female) branch with current year inflorescences (= flowering part of plant) and mature berries from previous year’s flowers. Bottom: enlarged pistillate inflorescence.

Figure 9. Oak mistletoe, Phoradendron leucarpum (Raf.) Reveal & M.C. Johnst. Top: pistillate (female) branch with current year inflorescences (= flowering part of plant) and mature berries from previous year’s flowers. Bottom: enlarged pistillate inflorescence. Photographs by Donald W. Hall, Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida.


Oak mistletoe is pollinated by insects — probably wasps and bees, and possibly ants (Coder 2008, Kuijt 1982). The seeds are sticky and disseminated by birds (Coder 2008, York 1909). In spite of the common name oak mistletoe, Phoradendron leucarpum parasitizes more than 105 tree species belonging to over 50 genera (Coder 2008, Scharpf and Hawksworth 1974), and I have also found it on oleander (Nerium oleander L.), a common landscape shrub in the southern United States.

Mistletoes have a reputation of being highly toxic. However, much of this reputation is probably due to ingestion of plant parts or steeped teas of European mistletoe, Viscum album L. (Viscaceae) which contain a toxic protein called viscotoxin. Oak mistletoe also contains a toxic protein (phoratoxin), but it has been shown to be only about one-tenth as toxic as viscotoxin (Rosell and Samuelsson 1966, Samuelsson and Ekblad 1967). It is unknown whether great purple hairstreak larvae sequester the phoratoxin.

Most accidental ingestions of oak mistletoe plant parts have produced mild or no symptoms (Evens and Stellflug 2012, Hall et al. 1986, Krenzelok et al. 1997). In fact, Native Americans used mistletoe as a medicinal treatment for many ailments (Moerman 2009, Hutton 2010).

Adult Nectar Sources

Great purple hairstreaks will feed on nectar from many kinds of flowers. The following have been mentioned as favored nectar sources (Cech and Tudor 2005, Gerberg and Arnett 1989, Haskin 1933, Minno and Minno 1999, Opler and Krizek 1984):

For photographs of these nectar plants, see Wunderlin et al. (2019).

Life Cycle (Back to Top)

There are three generations in most of the southeastern states (Opler and Krizek 1984), but adults have been found year-round in Florida (Moth Photographers Group undated, Opler and Krizek 1984). Males perch on treetops during the afternoon to await the arrival of females for mating. Eggs are laid singly or in small groups on foliage of the host plant (Haskin 1933, Minno et al. 2005). Eclosing (hatching) larvae eat their way out of the eggs by chewing a circular hole in the top of the egg (Figure 10). Newly hatched larvae of many butterfly species eat the egg shell as their first meal (Opler and Krizek 1984), but newly hatched great purple hairstreaks do not.

Great purple hairstreak, Atlides halesus (Cramer), egg showing circular hole chewed by hatching larva.

Figure 10. Great purple hairstreak, Atlides halesus (Cramer), egg showing circular hole chewed by hatching larva. Photographs by Donald W. Hall, Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida.

Larvae are reported to feed on young leaves and male (staminate) flowers (Figure 11) (Minno and Minno 1999) and probably also eat female flowers.

Oak mistletoe, Phorodendron leucarpum (Raf.)

Figure 11. Oak mistletoe, Phoradendron leucarpum (Raf.) Reveal & M.C. Johnst. Top: staminate (male) branch with inflorescences (flowering part of plant). Bottom: enlarged staminate inflorescence. Photographs by Donald W. Hall, Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida.


When full-grown, larvae migrate from the mistletoe and pupate under loose bark, in crevices of bark or under leaf litter at the base of the tree.

Natural Enemies (Back to Top)

Whitaker (1984a,b) reported that an unidentified hymenopteran parasitoid was a major source of egg mortality and that braconid wasp parasitoids (Apanteles sp.) emerged from many third instar larvae and pupated in cocoons spun under the hollow host exoskeletons (Figure 12). The egg parasitoids emerge from eggs by cutting holes in the side of eggs in contrast to the holes cut in the tops of eggs by eclosing caterpillars (Whitaker 1984a).

 Hollow exoskeleton of third instar great purple hairstreak

Figure 12. Hollow exoskeleton of third instar great purple hairstreak, Atlides halesus (Cramer), larva on top of cocoon from which a parasitoid wasp (probably Apanteles sp. [Braconidae]) had emerged. Photograph by Donald W. Hall, Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida.

Pupae are frequently parasitized by parasitoid wasps (Scott 1986)—probably the chalcidoid wasp Metadontia amoena Say reported by Whitaker (1984a,b). Metadontia amoena is a specialist parasitoid of lycaenid pupae (Burks 1940). Figure 13 shows a hollow pupal exoskeleton from which a parasitoid (probably Metadontia amoena Say) had emerged.

 Great purple hairstreak, Atlides halesus (Cramer), empty exoskeleton of pupa

Figure 13. Great purple hairstreak, Atlides halesus (Cramer), empty exoskeleton of pupa that had been parasitized (probably by Metadontia amoena Say). Photograph by Donald W. Hall, Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida.

I could find no records of predation on great purple hairstreaks in the literature, but larvae, pupae, and adults have colorations or behaviors that appear to have defensive functions against potential vertebrate predators.


Defenses (Back to Top)

Larvae: Larvae are cryptic (camouflaged) on mistletoe.

Pupae: Pupae are cryptically colored and are usually found in crevices in bark, under loose bark, or under leaf litter at the bases of tree where they are usually hidden from sight (Opler and Krizek 1984). When touched they squeak (Downey and Allyn 1973) which may have a defensive function (Minno and Minno 1999).

Adults: False head: After landing, the butterfly turns around so its head is oriented downward and the tails are oriented upward (Winkler 1977). As with the other hairstreak butterflies, perching adults move their hind wings up and down (Sourakov 2017). The tails on the hind wings with their associated spots resemble a head. The movement of the tails is believed to attract a potential predator's attention to that part of the wings which then is torn away allowing the butterfly to escape. Sourakov (2013) demonstrated that the false head of the red-banded hairstreak, Calycopis cecrops (Fabricius), allowed it to escape attack by the jumping spider, Phidippus pulcherrimus Keyserling.

Smith et al. (1994) suggested that great purple hairstreak larvae may sequester toxins from their mistletoe hosts and that the bright coloring of adults may serve as a warning to potential predators. The adults rest with their wings together exposing the bright orange underside of the abdomen and the reddish-orange spots on the bases of the wings. Orange colors have been demonstrated to be particularly effective as deterrents to predators (Pegram and Rutowski 2014).

Selected References (Back to Top)

**Winkler’s description date “1779” for Atlides halesus is erroneous. The correct date is “1777" (see Brown 1941).